chapter 13

1.		In a delayed matching-to-sample task, the "delay" is the interval Your Answer: between the sample stimulus and the choices.
		Correct!
2.		When a person is remembering or performing a navigational task, the ________ become(s) active. Your Answer: left hippocampal formation Correct Answer: right hippocampal formation
		Incorrect. Try Again.
3.		Rats are trained in a Morris water maze Your Answer: to test their spatial perception and memory.
		Correct!
4.		When a(n) _____ reinforcing stimulus occurs, neurons in the nucleus accumbens become active. Your Answer: unexpected
		Correct!
5.		The synaptic changes that produce a classically conditioned emotional response occur in the Your Answer: medial forebrain bundle. Correct Answer: nucleus of the lateral amygdala.
		Incorrect. Try Again.
6.		Nondeclarative memories Your Answer: are a form of perceptual memory. Correct Answer: do not require deliberate efforts to memorize something.
		Incorrect. Try Again.
7.		Anterograde amnesia can best be described as Your Answer: a failure to establish new nondeclarative memories. Correct Answer: the loss of relational learning ability.
		Incorrect. Try Again.
8.		If you wished to have the best chance of training an animal to press a lever that delivers brain stimulation, where would you place an electrode? Your Answer: neostriatum Correct Answer: medial forebrain bundle
		Incorrect. Try Again.
9.		A targeted mutation that increased the production of NMDA receptors with a particular subunit ______leading to enhanced long-term potentiation. Your Answer: caused production of slightly larger EPSPs,
		Correct!
10.		When an animal is trained to make a classically conditioned emotional response by pairing a tone and a foot shock, the tone is the Your Answer: CS.
		Correct!
11.		Long-term memories can be modified during a process known as _________. Your Answer: reconsolidation.
		Correct!
12.		The most important input of information to the hippocampal formation comes from the Your Answer: entorhinal cortex.
		Correct!
13.		In order for long-term potentiation to occur Your Answer: the postsynaptic membrane must be depolarized at the same time that the synapses are active.
		Correct!
14.		Lesions of the _______ disrupt instrumental conditioning. Your Answer: basal ganglia
		Correct!
15.		One of the effects of long-term potentiation is a(n) Your Answer: increase in the number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors.
		Correct!
16.		Long-term depression may result from Your Answer: sustained increases in protein synthesis in the cell body. Correct Answer: low-frequency stimulation of the synaptic inputs to a cell.
		Incorrect. Try Again.
17.		The Hebb rule states that a synapse will be strengthened if it repeatedly becomes active _____ the ____ neuron fires. Your Answer: about the same time that: postsynaptic
		Correct!
18.		Instrumental conditioning results from an association between Your Answer: motivation and a reinforcing stimulus. Correct Answer: a conditional and an unconditional stimulus.
		Incorrect. Try Again.
19.		Neurons in field CA1 of the hippocampus are easily damaged when metabolic disturbances set off a series of events that include the Your Answer: entry of calcium into the neurons.
		Correct!
20.		On the last day of testing, rats were switched from one nearly identical chamber to another. While inside the chamber, the firing of hippocampal place cells indicated that _____, but once outside the chamber _____. Your Answer: rats "recognized" they were in a different chamber; the response pattern of only about half the rats made the appropriate change Correct Answer: some rats "thought" they were in the usual chamber; the response pattern changed appropriately as if to correct a mistake
		Incorrect. Try Again.
21.		Confabulation, a symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome, may be caused by damage to the Your Answer: caudate nucleus. Correct Answer: prefrontal cortex.
		Incorrect. Try Again.
22.		Patient H.M. is Your Answer: unable to learn any new information. Correct Answer: aware of his disorder.
		Incorrect. Try Again.
23.		Lesions that damage inferior temporal cortex disrupt the ability Your Answer: to discriminate between different visual stimuli.
		Correct!
24.		Semantic memories Your Answer: involve facts but not the context in which they are learned.
		Correct!
25.		The primary function of perceptual learning is to Your Answer: identify and categorize objects.
26.		The key function of instrumental conditioning is to allow an organism to Your Answer: adjust behavior according to its consequences.
27.		Classical conditioning is considered to be a form of Your Answer: stimulus-response learning.
28.		Repeated electrical stimulation of neurons in the hippocampal formation produces Your Answer: long-term potentiation.
29.		Receptors for ____ are involved in long-term potentiation. Your Answer: glutamate
30.		Which of the following is a unique aspect of the NMDA receptor? Your Answer: The ion channel controlled by the NMDA receptor requires binding of glutamate to the receptor and requires depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.
31.		Evidence suggests that nitric oxide (NO) plays what role in synaptic strengthening? Your Answer: NO acts to inhibit long-term potentiation. Correct Answer: NO acts as a retrograde messenger causing more release of glutamate from the presynaptic neuron.
32.		Long-term potentiation is associated with the movement of _____ to the ______. Your Answer: AMPA receptors; base of dendritic spines Correct Answer: AMPA receptors; tip of dendritic spines
33.		Simple perceptual learning involves Your Answer: the recognition of particular stimuli or categories of stimuli.
34.		The dorsal stream of visual association cortex continues into the _____ and carries information relating to _____. Your Answer: posterior parietal cortex; object location
35.		The _______ plays a key role in short-term memory for all sensory systems. Your Answer: nucleus accumbens Correct Answer: prefrontal cortex
36.		James Olds and Peter Milner reported that electrical stimulation of rat brain Your Answer: could have reinforcing effects.
37.		Extracellular levels of dopamine, measured using a microdialysis probe, are increased within the nucleus accumbens in an animal after Your Answer: an injection of cocaine or amphetamine. Correct Answer: All of the above are correct.
38.		Damage to the hippocampus in rats would be expected to Your Answer: All of the above are correct. Correct Answer: impair episodic memory.
39.		People with anterograde amnesia Your Answer: show impairment of complex relational learning.

chapter 17

1.		People with panic disorder suffer from anticipatory anxiety, which is Your Answer: the fear that another panic attack will strike.
		Correct!
2.		People suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder Your Answer: recognize that their thought and behaviors are senseless.
		Correct!
3.		If ADHD results from a steeper than normal delay of reinforcement gradient, then for children with ADHD Your Answer: constant reinforcement is the only effective reinforcement. Correct Answer: immediate reinforcement is even more effective than for normal children.
		Incorrect. Try Again.
4.		Children with autistic disorder Your Answer: are usually of normal intelligence and sometimes have advanced isolated skills. Correct Answer: have abnormal language development and usually interpret other people's speech literally.
		Incorrect. Try Again.
5.		Select the incorrect statement about the incidence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Your Answer: In adulthood, men are approximately twice as likely than women to receive a diagnosis of ADHD. Correct Answer: Approximately 50 percent of children with a diagnosis of ADHD have been misdiagnosed.
		Incorrect. Try Again.
6.		The secretion of glucorticoids is controlled by neurons in the _____ and glucocorticoid receptors are ______. Your Answer: hippocampal formation; especially susceptible to the effects of stress Correct Answer: paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus; contained in almost every cell of the body
		Incorrect. Try Again.
7.		Posttraumatic stress disorder may result from high levels of Your Answer: cortisol. Correct Answer: corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH).
		Incorrect. Try Again.
8.		_______, the most common treatment of ADHD, is a ______ and ________. Your Answer: Fluoxetine; serotonin agonist; decreases the reuptake of serotonin Correct Answer: Methylphenidate; dopamine antagonist; blocks dopamine receptors
		Incorrect. Try Again.
9.		An injection of ______ may cause a panic attack in susceptible people. Your Answer: lactic acid
		Correct!
10.		Posttraumatic stress disorder Your Answer: is associated with decreased size of the hippocampal formation, but the decrease may be a precipitating factor rather than a consequence.
		Correct!
11.		Young vervet monkeys near the bottom of the social hierarchy who experienced almost constant stress Your Answer: engaged in more fight-or-flight responses than other young monkeys who were not subjected to stress. Correct Answer: sustained severe damage to the hippocampal formation.
		Incorrect. Try Again.
12.		Cytokines Your Answer: stimulate cell division.
		Correct!
13.		Drugs that are ______ have been used to successfully treat panic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Your Answer: serotonin agonists
		Correct!
14.		People whose OCD is being treated with drugs begin to show improvement with a reduction in the activity of the Your Answer: caudate nucleus and orbitofrontal cortex.
		Correct!
15.		The best evidence for a genetic basis of autistic disorder is from studies of twins and siblings and indicates that Your Answer: the concordance rate for dizygotic twins is extremely low.
		Correct!
16.		Long-term stress increases the secretion of _______ which may be responsible for _______. Your Answer: glucocorticoids; the harmful effects of stress
		Correct!
17.		The immune system develops ______ through exposure to _______. Your Answer: antibodies; antigens
		Correct!
18.		Studies concerning the genetic basis of panic disorder have found Your Answer: that over 50 percent of the relatives of a person with panic disorder had a history of anxiety disorders. Correct Answer: a significant genetic factor.
		Incorrect. Try Again.
19.		An explanation for the deficits associated with autistic disorder, proposed by Frith and colleagues, suggests their lack of interest in other people is due Your Answer: to a decreased connectivity between the visual system and other sensory systems leading autistic people to avoid looking at the eyes and mouths of other people. Correct Answer: to an inability to infer and predict the thoughts and feelings of other people from normal social cues due to brain abnormalities.
		Incorrect. Try Again.
20.		Select the correct statement about immunoglobulin, IgA. Your Answer: High levels of IgA are associated with an unhappy mood in the subject. Correct Answer: IgA is secreted in the nose, mouth, throat, and lungs, and it acts as a defense against infection.
		Incorrect. Try Again.
21.		The tics, obsessions, and compulsions that young Frances experienced appear to have been cause by Your Answer: a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection.
		Correct!
22.		Which of theses structural abnormalities has been documented in the brains of people with autistic disorder? Your Answer: incomplete development of the meninges covering the brain Correct Answer: a decrease in the volume of white matter containing long-range axons
		Incorrect. Try Again.
23.		The records of volunteers in a study of the effects of stress on the immune system indicated that Your Answer: people with the strongest peer support had fewer illnesses. Correct Answer: a few days before showing symptoms of an upper respiratory infection, the volunteers experienced more undesirable than desirable events in their lives.
		Incorrect. Try Again.
24.		All effective antiobsessional drugs Your Answer: are specific blockers of the reuptake of 5-HT.
		Correct!
25.		Moniz proposed that intentional damage to the _____ would relieve human _____. Your Answer: temporal lobes; schizophrenia Correct Answer: frontal lobes; anxiety
26.		_______ refer(s) to an intense fear of being in places or situations that would be difficult to escape from. Your Answer: Agoraphobia
27.		Drugs that reduce anxiety Your Answer: act on benzodiazepine receptors located on GABA receptors.
28.		Which of the following is true of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? Your Answer: Obsessions are thoughts that cannot be ignored.
29.		PET scans of people with obsessive-compulsive disorder have found evidence of increased activity in the Your Answer: orbitofrontal cortex.
30.		The most effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder is Your Answer: psychotherapy combined with anti-anxiety medications. Correct Answer: drug therapy.
31.		Which of the following is true of autistic disorder (AD)? Your Answer: AD includes affective, cognitive, and behavioral abnormalities.
32.		A general finding is that the brains of autistic children exhibit Your Answer: reduced volume of the hippocampus. Correct Answer: a biphasic pattern of early brain growth followed by slowed later growth.
33.		A persistent difficulty in concentrating, remaining still, and working on a task are the key characteristics of Your Answer: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
34.		The most common treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder involves Your Answer: daily administration of methylphenidate.
35.		An environmental situation or stimulus that is perceived as being threatening or aversive is a(n) _____, while a person's reaction is termed _____. Your Answer: stressor; a stress response
36.		______ neurons control the secretion of glucocorticoids. Your Answer: PVN
37.		Long-term exposure to glucocorticoids may affect memory by Your Answer: destroying neurons in the hippocampus.
38.		Hans Selye argued that ill health noted after stress exposure reflects Your Answer: the prolonged secretion of glucocorticoids.
39.		The immune system develops ________ through exposure to ________ . Your Answer: antibodies; antigens